campesino: another option

I have blogged repeatedly about options for campesino. None of them are great wihch is why I tend to import it. It's a concept that just doesn't translate well since it includes not only family or small-scale farmers but also farmworkers, loggers, artisanal miners, and lots of other people that live in the campo. I liked the way this great article (that helped me see how we need to look both above and below the land to understand land issues in Colombia) went back and forth between using small-scale farmer and campesino throughout, though again, that leaves a lot of people out.

My compa Kath Nygard has lately been trying to convince me to use peasant. As I've blogged before, it's worth nothing that the Via Campesina uses International Peasant Movement as their official translation. I don't think I'm quite there yet, since the connotations in English seem still too closely tied to Monty Python type peasants (see video).

cacerolazo: pot bang-out

Another cacerolazo tonight in downtown Bogota. These things start from a few distant clinks then blossom out of nowhere. It means there’s still high energy behind ongoing anti-government protests in Colombia and suggests high turnout at mass demonstrations called for tomorrow. pic.twitter.com/wlMJCxHcha

— Dylan Baddour (@DylanBaddour) May 5, 2021

Cacerolazo often gets imported into English, as it has been in the English wikipedia entry.  I like this solution but my concern is that often people don't know the term and won't understand it at first. To build stronger movements it is worth translating it at least the first time it comes up.

Sometimes, as in the word reference forum, I've seen it rendered as pot banging. But it's not just any random pot banging! It's pot banging as a political action. My first thought was a pot bang-in - playing on the term sit-in. But that will sound to most listeners just like banging. It's also true that what is magical about this action is that is an action of dispersion, not of concentration. We generally do it in our homes by the window, not gathered together (though in Bogotá last spring sometimes people would gather on street corners to bang together). The term bang out is completely a play on words neologism made up by me, but I like it for conveying this idea of leaning out your window and banging your pot. I've definitely broken a pot from too much banging so don't use your best one, or set aside an old one for this activity! 

Otra Cosa: Something Else

This is the translation give by a group of this name that is a queer collective land project in Puerto Rico. They are working for food and land sovereignty in Borinken, including designing a solar composting toilet. They are asking for support for their work to share the design and the tools and support to help folks across the island build their own. Brilliant. I'm a huge fan of composting toilets when done right - but it really helps for folks to have support to make that happen. 

extranjerización: foreignerization

I've blogged before about the terms gendered, and racialized, and ethnicized. Well, yes, you can also be foreignerized. Yup, totally made up that neologism - but I like it. That has zippo googlage but foreignerization has a tiny bit. I learned the term first in castellano, de Melisa Yaleva, who was on a great panel with me titled "Sentir-pensar la traducción: geopolitics of knowledge and south-north dialogues" que fue parte del Segundo Encuentro Latinoamericano de Movimientos Socioespaciales y Socioterritoriales. You can watch it online here. Melisa talked about being foreignerized as a woman with darker skin in Argentina, where people always assume that she is from some other country. Several Colombians with red or blond hair have told me that the same happens to them. It's a useful term for understanding these dynamics, we should use it more often! 

I will note however that the German word ''Überfremdung'', widely used by anti-immigrant parties, is translated as over-foreignerization and one assumes they mean something entirely different by that. But let's not let them steal the word from us!

ageism: etarismo

How movements are staying (and becoming more) multilingual

Fantastic article here by Allison Corbett about movement T & I (translation and interpretation) - and going beyond T & I. I can't recommend it enough if you care about how we make our movements stronger by making our spaces more multilingual. Love the geneology given and the important nods to my compas Alice and Roberto here. The one correction I would make is that we also had a team of interps at the first US Social Forum in Atlanta, though certainly not as large as we would have liked.

harta: fed up!

Saw it translated here (source of photo on women's day this year in Montevideo) as exhausted, or had enough - but neither are quite as strong!

diatopix

No, this is not a word, it's a tool.

"Diatopix es una herramienta que muestra, en la parte de la Web correspondiente a una lengua, la distribución geográfica del uso de palabras, términos, expresiones, etc. La herramienta usa el motor de búsqueda personalizado de Google y muestra por separado los resultados obtenidos en los principales países donde se usa dicha lengua (Argentina, Chile, Colombia, Cuba, España, México, Venezuela).

If you are going into Spanish it can be a way to see if you are using a term that will be more widely understood or not. I found it super surprising to see the results for the words parce and parcero, I have always thought of them as very Colombian slang but they have decent googlage for other countries too - and more for Spain than Colombia! 

Thanks to Robin, who suggested diatopix in a comment on my post on the term whiteness.

primera linea: front line vs. first line

I have been seeing a lot of use of the false cognate of "first line" in coverage of the general strike in Colombia. I actually do like that mistranslation because in English it sounds new and different and does not have the military baggage of the term frontline - but really the term in English is frontline. The other advantage of using this neologism of first line is that now Colombians have created fabulous 'second lines' of musicians and other groups - though some are calling themselves different types of 'first lines,' such as the legal first line, academic first line, etc). But I wonder how much is lost by not using the term English speakers are used to hearing vs what is gained by creating this false cognate neologism.

settler colonialism: colonialidad de asentamiento

I've heard colonialidad de colonos, but colonos and colonias mean totally different things, so that doesn't really work - a point made by Sofia Zaragocín at this panel session entitled 'Sentir-pensar la traducción: geopolitics of knowledge and south-north dialogues', which was part of the fabulous Segundo Encuentro Latinoamericano de Movimientos Socioespaciales y Socioterritoriales (all of the videos of which are on youtube).

 

This rendition, colonialismo de asentamiento, is what Pilar Riaño uses. Suena raro, but that's probably better! Hopefully it will help listeners realize that it's something odd, and not what they're used to thinking of necessarily since settler colonialism was not the main model in Latin America. 

 

We had a great discussion about this term in this wonderful twitter thread, it's well worth reading the various strands of it (no twitter account required).

sousveillance: sousveillance (vigilancia inversa)

I was reminded of this term by the anti-racism daily, an email I appreciate receiving and recommend. In it they describe sousveillance as "people capturing stories with their own devices (usually smartphones) that will likely counter or disprove the facts presented by those with more power and privilege (Nieman Lab)." The article they link to there has another great description: "Surveillance is looking from on high. It’s what security cameras and dash cams and body cams do, it’s what dash cams and body cams do, and blue light security cameras. It’s what the “authoritative gaze” is, but sousveillance is quite different. It’s looking from below, and it’s attempting to counter an official report that may have been lies." 

I thought at first that the translation might be contravigilancia - but I think that's actually counter-surveillance, which is to say efforts to prevent surveillance from above, rather than doing your own surveillance from below. So I did one of my favorite tricks, I went to the wikipedia entry in English and then followed the link on the left to the Spanish entry and, what do you know, the French word is also imported into Spanish. But for those who don't know it (most of us probably) you could first render it as vigilancia inversa.

Protester's videos of police terror in Colombia have been so important in the last few weeks, and offered powerful sousveillance - yet I find myself less and less able to watch the videos of police terror and torture, and find them more and more traumatizing, so not including one here. Still, grateful for the citizen journalists doing this important sousveillance. If you are on twitter please follow me @spaceforpeace where I'm tweeting regularly about the protests (mostly without the difficult videos).

defensoría (Col): human rights ombuds (rather than gendered ombudsman)

I appreciated a recent article by Erika Moreno about the human rights ombuds in Colombia, and am shamelessly reposting it entirely below because it is behind a paywall. But I was surprised that she used the male gendered term ombudsman. For a while I was using ombudsperson, but more and more now in the US the term ombuds seems to be used instead. It also works better when referring to an entire office and not just the one person heading it. In the US we are used to newspapers and universities having an ombuds. I appreciated the definition given by Oregon State: "An Ombuds is someone who helps people to informally resolve conflict by facilitating communication to help all parties reach mutually satisfactory solutions." Because English speakers will be used to those sorts of broader uses of the term, it seems important to add the term human rights when rendering defensoría, even if it gets left off in Spanish. If I were doing simultaneous interpreting I might add it on the first few times and then start dropping it. I'll note that wikipedia, in their interesting article on ombuds offices around the world, renders the full term, defensoría del pueblo, as the people's defender. In a written translation you might first render it as that, and then add on human rights ombuds as a term that will actually mean more to the reader. 

Colombia’s protesters want human rights reforms. The country’s human rights agency may not be much help

Elected officials appoint its leadership and fund the budget, leaving this agency with limited power

Protesters and police face off in Bogota, Colombia, on Tuesday. (Carlos Ortega/EPA-EFE/Shutterstock)

By Erika Moreno

May 19, 2021 at 6:00 a.m. EDT

In Colombia, weeks of protests and clashes between civilians and the police over a now-defunct tax proposal have claimed dozens of lives. The U.N. High Commissioner for Human Rights office received reports of local ombudsmen being harassed and threatened — raising further concerns about violence against protesters.

Thirty years ago, Colombia was one of the first countries in the Americas to create a national Human Rights Ombudsman office (known in Spanish as “Defensoría de Derechos Humanos”) — a semi-independent office to advocate for the people. The agency and the human rights defenders who work for it are known by the same name: the ombudsman. But will that institution also be tarnished by the massive protests taking place in Colombia?

As the protests evolved beyond opposition to the government’s regressive tax plan, this question becomes even more salient. In the past, the ombudsman did not engage in the kind of transformational reform that protesters are calling for — and it may not be able to do so now.

Colombia’s police are cracking down on protests. That may be backfiring.

What is the role of the Human Rights Ombudsman?

As I detail in my book, the Human Rights Ombudsman is a political institution pioneered during the 1970s in Portugal and Spain to conduct government oversight and protect human rights. This type of agency has mandates to protect a full range of rights, including the right to decent work, housing, health care, food, education and protection from violence and discrimination.

In the Americas, at least 16 countries incorporate this kind of agency at the national level. Some have been pivotal to curbing government overreach, including excessive use of force, as well as controversial policy proposals. For instance, the Bolivian ombudsman forced the government to change course following violent protests over a proposed gas pipeline in 2003.

In Colombia, the ombudsman fields complaints against the government and conducts lengthy investigations. Although unable to impose sanctions on wrongdoers, it can refer cases to prosecutorial bodies, such as the attorney general’s office. The agency also leads mediation efforts and performs “fire alarm” functions that alert others to rights violations.

During the recent unrest, the Colombian ombudsman has documented abuses such as deaths and disappearances of protesters. The agency also helped mediate discrete conflicts, including brief reopenings of several major thoroughfares blockaded by protesters. These actions helped ensure the flow of food, fuel and medicines to population centers in Caquetá, Huila, Tolima, Guaviare and Cauca.

To date, the ombudsman has portrayed itself as an impartial mediator and has not endorsed the broad structural changes sought by the protest organizers.

One of the most valuable tools available to any human rights ombudsman is its “moral authority” to name and shame wrongdoers. Agencies across the Americas have made use of their ties to nongovernmental organizations and the news media or leveraged public opinion to force governments to change laws and practices. This type of leverage can be critical in a crisis in which government forces have engaged in excessive force, as appears to be the case here.

Brazilian police killed 27 people in a single raid this month. That doesn’t make Rio de Janeiro safer.

The ombudsman has limited power

However, the ability to use “moral authority” depends on the amount of autonomy granted to the agency. While Colombia’s Human Rights Ombudsman has some formal independence, it is not fully independent of the elected officials that appoint its leadership and fund the budget. Its design, as well as past fights with the executive branch, have forced the agency to find ways to be minimally intrusive.

In the late 1990s, the agency sought to be a better advocate for human rights by hiring experts with assistance from international human rights organizations. As the Colombian party system splintered, the Human Rights Ombudsman was under less scrutiny from elected officials. For a while, it became more vocal in advocating for peace.

As the political tides turned, the agency came under repeated attacks from President Álvaro Uribe, in office from 2002 to 2010. Since then, two additional presidents from Uribe’s political party have appointed ombudsmen unlikely to challenge their administrations. As a result, human rights ombudsmen in Colombia found ways to advocate for citizens without publicly shaming officials. This saved them from losing their appointments and the bulk of their agency’s budget. This is in stark contrast to what we saw in countries such as Bolivia, where muscular human rights ombudsmen frequently challenged the government.

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Protesters have a long list of demands

A second factor that limits the role of the Colombian ombudsman today stems from the wide range of protester demands. What began as opposition to a regressive tax policy quickly tapped into frustrations with President Iván Duque’s handling of the coronavirus pandemic and persistent inequality. And while the government tabled the tax measure, it also tabled discussions of proposed changes to health and education policy.

Duque is now facing demands for mass vaccinations, health-care reform, tuition-free universities, assistance to small businesses, income assistance and the protection of vulnerable minorities. While some of these issues are familiar territory for the Human Rights Ombudsman, the protests have taken a decidedly anti-incumbent tone ahead of the presidential and congressional elections scheduled for 2022.

Duque and his party are paying close attention to the new tone of the protests and would quickly rebuke the agency if it were to take a hostile stance toward the government. So, while citizen confidence in this office has risen over time, thanks to its handling of pension payments and other government service issues, this may not last long.

Colombia’s Human Rights Ombudsman may wade into discrete concerns raised by the protesters but is unlikely to launch broader discussions about police reform. With respect to police overreach, the agency will probably follow what it has done in the past and give a mild response to accusations against members of the military and security apparatus.

The Human Rights Ombudsman’s reluctance to challenge the government on this latest crackdown will leave the space open for organized civil society groups in Colombia, including domestic human rights advocates. After decades of marching and organizing for human rights, there is no shortage of leadership there. However, the net result may be a somewhat tarnished public advocate for human rights.

Professors: Check out TMC’s expanding list of classroom topic guides.

Erika Moreno (@LaProfeMoreno) is a professor of political science and international relations at Creighton University and the author of “Human Rights Ombudsmen in Latin America: From Justitieombudsman to Defensor del Pueblo” (Cambria Press, 2020).

Globish

Globish is a neologism for global English and it is a generally difficult to fully achieve holy grail, much like what tends to be called neutral Spanish rather than global Spanish. Neutral Spanish is one that avoids terms used only in some countries or understood differently across countries, such as la guagua for the bus or the many country specific terms for white person. The term Globish is often used broadly to refer to English that is more accessible to L2, L3, L4 speakers (those who speak English as a second, third, fourth language). Though technically Globish only refers to, as wikipedia puts it, "a subset of the English language formalized in 2004 by Jean-Paul Nerrière. It uses a subset of standard English grammar and a list of 1500 English words." It points to how much of English use around the world is between non-native English speakers. The chart documenting this here (only 4% of English use is between native speakers!) is from this article about Globish.

Nos queremos - vivas

This fabulous slogan, widely used by the feminist movement across Latin America, has a fabulous double meaning of both we want to be - alive and we love ourselves - alive. I haven't figured out a way to convey both of those in English. If I had to choose between the two while interpreting, I would choose the later - but in a translation I might try to squeeze them both in or do a translator's note. This coverage of International Women's Day this year (lots of fabulous photos, worth a look) got me thinking of it. They translated it, with this photo, as just we want to be alive.

plataforma: coalition not platform

plataforma: coalition not platform

In Colombia right now there are a lot of 'plataformas de paz' and I keep seeing this rendered in English as peace platforms. Please stop! That's a super confusing false cognate. In US English at least a platform is what a candidate or a party runs for office on. It is most certainly not a coalition of grassroots groups coming together to work for something, like peace. I highly doubt platform would work in British English either, but if you want it to be understandable in both, avoid it and use coalition instead. 

Asistentes al segundo congreso de la plataforma Lgbti por la Paz en Colombia

prison industrial complex: complejo industrial de prisiones

prison industrial complex: complejo industrial de prisiones 

This one does not have great googlage, but I think it works well. Not super tricky, just one I hadn't really thought of before. I ran into it in this article:

Género, cuerpo, racismo y complejo industrial de prisiones: experiencias de personas negras en una cárcel de Bogotá 

por Jei Alanis Bello Ramírez

hashtivism: hashtivismo

The English wiktionary entry for this says it is a derogatory term, but I have seen it used without any
derogatory intent. Yes, you could call it hashtag activism - but doesn't hashtivism sound cooler?!

Hashtivismo only has 327 hits on google but I like it. Yes, you could say activismo hashtag, but again, doesn't hashtivismo sound cooler?

Is it still hashtivism when it both comes from and then again leaps offline, like #metoo did? Hell yes, hashtivism can be part of a larger campaign.

proyectos productivos (Col): (usually small-scale) entrepreneurial ventures

I have been endlessly frustrated by seeing this term rendered as the false cognate productive projects. That rendition just won't mean much to English only speakers. I can stand 'income generating projects', which I sometimes see, but I stumbled on this better rendition in the article:

Counter, Max. “‘La Doble Condición ’: Landmine Victims, Forced Displacement, and Disability in Colombia’s Magdalena Medio.” Social & Cultural Geography 19, no. 4 (May 19, 2018): 448–72. https://doi.org/10.1080/14649365.2017.1280616.

Max rendered it at first as small-scale, and then later adds the usually. In a simultaneous interpreting scenario I would add that qualification the first time and then just use entrepreneurial ventures to be able to keep up, since the term will surely be repeated if it is an event about peacebuilding in Colombia.

I would note that many of these entrepreneurial ventures by former FARC combatants are not small scale at all, but rather large scale coops - making everything from honey to bags to, my favorite, 'la roja' beer (see photo). 

el rebusque: the hustle for odd jobs/gigs.

I was reminded of the difficulty of translating this term by reading the article

Alves, Jaime Amparo. “‘Esa Paz Blanca, Esa Paz de Muerte’: Peacetime, Wartime, and Black Impossible Chronos in Postconflict Colombia.” The Journal of Latin American and Caribbean Anthropology 24, no. 3 (November 2019): 653–71. https://doi.org/10.1111/jlca.12424.

 

It's fantastic and if you don't have access to it email me if you want a copy. Jaime just uses the term odd jobs for rebusque and gives examples (street vending, cleaning, repairing). I like the term odd jobs but I think it leaves out the constant stress and search and finding them that the term rebusque points to, which is why I include the hustle part. People will often say 'esta en el rebusque', which I would render as 'he's on the hustle for odd jobs'. Sometimes I'll say hustling for gigs. Note that the term hustling alone could be misread as looking for sex work! You could also render this as 'scrambling to support yourself any way possible'. I would include Uber driving and meal delivery as el rebusque. Really the gig economy es la economía del rebusque.

hacer presencia/acto de presencia: make an appearance.

This is most certainly NOT to "make a presence" (as I saw here - one of a great collection of essays by anthropologists about the implementation of the Colombian peace accord four years in, all here). But what exactly is it? Acto de presencia is from legalese, where it means to formally appear in court, or appear in the court record. But this term is widely used outside of legal settings. I myself have often used it to refer to when I need to show up at a friend's event or party even just briefly, to show I care and to stay in good graces, but I plan to leave fairly quickly - or even if I stay it's not so much that I really want to be there but I go out of a sense of obligation and because my absence will be noted. In English we talk about that as making an appearance. In the article by Erin McFee that got me thinking about this term she tells a story of representatives of state agencies haciendo presencia at a 'reconciliation fair.' She connects these performances to ideas of historic absence of and now an attempt at presence by the Colombian state - so perhaps poetically the awkward translation of 'make a presence' helps her make her point, but in everyday English it sounds wrong - particularly because making an appearance is a common expression.

sanism: cuerdismo

sanism: cuerdismo

According to the urban dictionary "The social, legal, or institutional discrimination against individuals who are mentally ill/neurodivergent, or who may be considered "not sane" by society's standards. This can often cross over into ableism." (translation of ableism here)

Thanks to my stepmom Helen for checking me on my past over-frequent use of the adjective crazy. Often bizarre is a good replacement and better captures what I'm trying to say.

Many thanks again to Andrea Parra for this translation.

CAI (Bogotá): police kiosk

CAI stands for comando de accion imediata, but that won't mean anything to readers if you translate literally. They are actually tiny police kiosks around the city, usually just one room buildings standing in parks and plazas. I saw this rendition in the Guardian coverage of the protests the last two nights. If you haven't been reading and sharing news about the protests, please do. An international response could help. See my twitter feed @spaceforpeace for more.

My favorite response to the CAI burning was this:

swords into ploughshares: espadas en rejas de arado

Having grown up as (and still practicing as) a silent Quaker I don't know much religious terminology in either language. I don't expect that I ever will but there are a few biblical turns of phrase that often come up in social justice work that seem worth knowing. This one comes from:

They shall beat their swords into plowshares, and their spears into pruninghooks: nation shall not lift up sword against nation, neither shall they learn war any more. (Isaiah 2:4).

Forjarán sus espadas en rejas de arado, y sus lanzas en podaderas. No alzará espada nación contra nación, ni se adiestrarán más para la guerra.

Of course there are LOTS of different versions of the bible.  Check out the many versions of just this verse here. Some of those use just espadas en arados - swords into ploughs. I certainly think that is clearer and makes more sense - but I don't think it's what people are used to hearing, in either language. 

But then again, maybe people are getting more used to more updated versions - such as these used by Days of Prayer and Action for Colombia:

more zoom simul tips

In my last post about simultaneous interpreting on zoom I said that it cost $200 a month for the interpreting channel. That was wrong. Many thanks to Ron Garcia-Fogarty and the spectacular tilde language justice cooperative for explaining how it can be done for $55 a month (and less if shared). As he explained it:

"It works like this: Zoom Pro is $15/month or $150/year, and the webinar add-on is an additional $40/month or $400/year. It's listed (not very clearly) as the first bullet point in pre-requisites on their website. So anyone who already has Pro, just needs to purchase the webinar add-on to have access to zoom with interpretation. And what we do is we pass along that cost to clients who want to be able to use it, by charging $25 per use for short meetings or $50 per day for longer events."

Ron also very generously shared handouts that tilde uses to make video simul work better, which I have taken way too long to post. These include visual, verbal, and chatbox text instructions for participants, checklists for interps and for tech support, and more. You can find them here.

If anyone has any other suggestions or or resources I would love to share them here.

whiteness: blanquedad or blanquitud?

I have been using blanquedad, but recently I've been seeing blanquitud more often. So I did a google hits check, a trick that I often use when translating (or when I'm serving as the backup interpreter) and considering different options. It turns out that blanquedad only has 7,280 hits while blanquitud has 91,500. The hits on blanquedad are decent sources (sometimes they will all be clearly translations using false cognates) but still, I am going to shift to blanquitud since it is more widely used online. Thoughts? Comments?

These thoughts brought to you thanks to the article below, which is based on the Latin American wide PERLA survey that uses the color palette I mentioned a few weeks ago in the black and brown post. If you are interested in reading it and don't have access just ask me for a copy. 

Vásquez-Padilla, Darío Hernán, and Castriela Esther Hernández-Reyes. “Interrogando la gramática racial de la blanquitud: Hacia una analítica del blanqueamiento en el orden racial colombiano.” Latin American Research Review 55, no. 1 (March 19, 2020): 64–80. https://doi.org/10.25222/larr.170.